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A scientist
drinks a glass of champagne after the first successful
collisions at full power
at the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experience
control room of the Large Hadron
Collider (LHC) at the European Organisation
for Nuclear Research (CERN) in
Meyrin, near Geneva March 30, 2010.
(Credit: Reuters/Denis Balibouse)
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Articles:
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(Reuters) -
Scientists at the CERN physics research centre said on Tuesday they had found
signs of the Higgs boson, an elementary particle believed to have played a
vital role in the creation of the universe after the Big Bang.
Leaders of
two experiments, ALTAS and CMS, revealed their answer in which finding the
Higgs was a key goal for the $10 billion Large Hadron Collider (LHC), designed
to re-create the conditions just after the Big Bang in an attempt to answer
fundamental questions of science and the universe itself.
Following
are some facts about the Big Bang and CERN's particle-smashing experiments:
RECREATING THE BIG BANG:
- Tests
have involved pumping a single bunch of energy particles from the project's
accelerator into the 27-km (17-mile) beam pipe of the collider and steering
them counter- clockwise around it for about 3 km (2 miles).
- The
collider aims to simulate conditions milliseconds after the "Big
Bang" which created the universe around 13.7 billion years ago.
- The
collisions, in which both particle clusters travel around the speed of light,
are monitored on computers at CERN and laboratories around the world by
scientists looking for, among other things, a particle that made life possible.
HIGGS
BOSON:
- The
elusive particle, which has been called the "Higgs boson" after
British physicist Peter Higgs, 82, a particle-physics theorist who first showed
in 1964 that it must exist, is thought to be the mysterious factor that gives
everything mass.
WHAT IS
THE BIG BANG?
-
Recreating a "Big Bang," which most scientists believe is the only
explanation of an expanding universe, ought to show how stars and planets came
together out of the primeval chaos that followed, the CERN team believes.
- Its
essential feature is the emergence of the universe from a tiny speck about the
size of a coin but in a state of extremely high temperature and density.
- The name
"Big Bang" was coined in 1949 by British scientist Fred Hoyle to
disparage a then emerging theory about origins that countered his own
"steady state" view: that the universe had always existed and was
evolving but not expanding.
- According
to the Big Bang model, the universe expanded rapidly from a highly compressed
primordial state, which resulted in a significant decrease in density and
temperature. Soon afterward, the dominance of matter over antimatter (as
observed today) may have been established by processes that also predict proton
decay. During this stage many types of elementary particles may have been
present. After a few seconds, the universe cooled enough to allow the formation
of certain nuclei.
- The
theory predicts that definite amounts of hydrogen, helium and lithium were
produced. Their abundances agree with what is observed today. About a million
years later the universe was sufficiently cool for atoms to form.
WHAT IS
CERN:
- CERN, the
European Organisation for Nuclear Research, is one of the world's largest
centers for scientific research. Its business is fundamental physics, finding
out what the universe is made of and how it works.
- Founded
in 1954, the CERN Laboratory sits astride the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva.
It was one of Europe's first joint ventures and now has 20 member states, plus
six actively participant observers including the United States and Russia.
Sources:
Reuters/Britannica.com/CERN/www2.ph.ed.ac.uk/peter-higgs/ (Reporting by David Cutler, London Editorial Reference Unit; editing by David Stamp)
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